254 Nm 185 Nm 10000H UV Teeb rau Dej Purifier Disinfection

NTA

1. Lub neej ntev

2. High UV tso zis

3. Lub teeb me me tawg

4. Kev ntseeg tau zoo thiab ruaj khov

5. Tsuas yog tus capacitor xav tau los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob ballast

6. Ozone- tsim

7. Ntau compact, yooj yim rau nruab

8. Muaj peev xwm ntau lawm

9. EPA, ISO9001, CE tau ntawv pov thawj

SPECIFICATIONS

1. Hom: Plaub tus pins ib kawg

2. Peak wavelength: 254nm / 254nm ntxiv rau 185nm

3. Input Voltage: 220vAC

4. Lub Zog: 6W-79W

5. Ntev: 118-1630mm

6. Txoj kab uas hla: T5

7. Beam Angle: 360 degree

8. Kev Ua Haujlwm Kub Kub: -10 degree - 100 degree

9. Khoom siv: Quartz iav raj

10. Lifespan: 10000 teev

ADVANTAGE

1. Lub siab purity quartz iav raj yog saws thiab kho nrog cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, uas ntxiv txo cov impurity cov ntsiab lus thiab ua rau cov efficiency ntawm lub teeb raj ruaj khov.

2. Kev siv thev naus laus zis ua ntej ua rau peb lub teeb nrog lub siab pib UV hluav taws xob thiab qis UV lub teeb tawg.

3. Hom ozone thiab tsis yog - hom ozone muaj.

4. High tso zis UV teeb yog ib qho kev xaiv zoo dua rau kev txo qhov system loj thiab tswj UV tso zis.

5. Lub tes tsho quartz sib xws thiab ballast muaj.

APPLICATIONS

Aquarium disinfection

Kev kho dej

huab cua tu thiab tua kab mob

Cua txias yeeb nkab disinfection

Dej thiab cua purifier

Hom ntawm ultraviolet sterilization teeb (mercury teeb) thiab lawv daim ntawv thov hauv tshuaj tua kab mob

1. Tsim ntau yam tsawg-voltage mercury teeb hauv kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam

Lub sab nrauv ntawm qhov qis - siab mercury vapor discharge ultraviolet sterilized teeb yog ua los ntawm quartz iav raj los yog transmissive yoj ultraviolet iav raj, thiab lub siab inert gas thiab ib tug me me ntawm hustle yog sau nrog hlau txias electrodes los yog kub lub teeb hlau electrodes, los ntawm kev ntxiv kev kub siab los yog ua rau ob tug ncej. Tom qab lub siab pib pib, cov paug tawm yog tswj los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob qis, uas ua rau cov hluav taws xob ultraviolet raws li 253.7 nm. Ultraviolet sterilization muaj zog heev, thiab nws tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov kab mob lossis cov kab mob uas tsim kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg lub cev, ua rau muaj tshuaj tua kab mob. Lub ntsiab ntau yam ntawm cov tsis tshua muaj siab mercury vapor discharge ultraviolet tshuaj tua kab mob teeb yog raws li nram no:

1.1 kub cathode tsis tshua muaj siab mercury bactericidal ultraviolet teeb

Lub electrode ntawm lub teeb tso tawm yog mob rau hauv ob lub helical hlau nrog tungsten hlau, coated nrog barium carbonate, bartened calcium carbonate sib tov, thiab thaum rhuab yog rhuab, qhov sib tov yog qhib kom tsim calcium, strontium, barium oxide. Thaum lub teeb pib, cov filament yog rhuab mus xa cov electrons, foob pob mercury vapor nyob rau hauv lub teeb raj, thiaj li hais tias lub sab nrauv electron hloov ntawm lub mercury atom mus rau siab - zog rail txoj hauj lwm yuav zoo siab. Cov hluav taws xob ntawm kev hloov mus rau qhov siab - lub zog khiav tsuas tuaj yeem nyob 10-5 10-11s, thiab tom qab ntawd poob rov qab mus rau qhov qis qis thaum tso tawm lub zog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ultraviolet rays. Lub teeb hluav taws xob no yog ultraviolet, 95 feem pua ​​​​lossis ntau dua wavelengths ntawm 253.7 nm, thiab muaj me me ntawm wavelength ntawm 184.9 nm, 404 nm, 435 nm, 545 nm, 577 nm, 579 nm.

Lub siab ntawm mercury vapor yog hais txog 0.006 torr ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj siab mercury teeb tawm, feem ntau yog siv quartz iav uas muaj ultraviolet transmittance ntau dua 80 feem pua. Lub teeb no yog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov kub ntawm 40 ° C.

Qhov qis-voltage mercury teeb kuj suav nrog plaub hauv qab no.

1.1.1 ncaj raj ultraviolet sterilization teeb

The straight tube ultraviolet sterilization lamp is the most classic structure, the length of the lamp and the diameter available formula. The straight tube-type ultraviolet sterilization lamp prepared by quartz glass tube, and the radiation intensity of 30W lamps is above 90 μW / cm 2 (1 m), requiring no less than 70 μW / cm2 in use. The lamp has a life of 3000 hours, with a number of powers of 40W, 30W, 20W, 15W, 10W, 8W, 6W, 4W.

1.1.2 H- hom kub cathode tsis tshua muaj siab mercury ultraviolet sterilization teeb (254nm 185nm 10000h UV teeb rau dej purifier tshuaj tua kab mob)

9W H-type thermal cathode low pressure mercury ultraviolet sterilization lamp, the radiation intensity at a distance of 3 cm from the lamp is greater than or equal to 200 μW / cm2 at 100 cm from the lamp 100 cm.

1.1.3 Tsawg O3 Ultraviolet Lub Teeb

Txawm hais tias nws yog lub raj ncaj nraim lossis H{{0}} teeb, nws tuaj yeem ua rau lub teeb qis O3 ultraviolet, thiab 0.01 feem pua ​​​​rau 0.05 feem pua ​​​​titanium oxide thiab 0.07 feem pua ​​alumina tau ntxiv rau lub iav quartz, kom cov kab hluav taws xob ultraviolet uas muaj lub wavelength tsawg dua 200 nm tau nqus, ua rau O3 tsawg heev.

1.1.4 High O3 UV teeb

Lub teeb no ua rau muaj qhov loj ntawm 253.7 nm ultraviolet rays, uas tseem radiates muaj zog 184.9 nm ultraviolet rays, uas ua rau ntau O3, uas tau txhim kho cov tshuaj tua kab mob vim muaj kev sib txuam ntawm O3 thiab UV.

1.2 txias cathode tsis tshua muaj siab mercury ultraviolet sterilization teeb

Lub teeb yog ua los ntawm npib tsib xee, uas muaj mercury thiab argon nyob rau hauv lub quartz raj, thiab lub txias cathode yog tawm los ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob teb, thiab mercury yog emissions, bombarding lub mercury atom, kom nws excites luminous. Lub teeb tuaj yeem ua rau ntau yam duab, xws li disc amphony, U-zoo li tus, ncaj raj zoo, thiab lwm yam, radiated ultraviolet rays muaj wavelength ntawm 253.7 nm.

1.3 siab siab mercury ultraviolet sterilization teeb

Lub siab ntawm mercury vapor nyob rau hauv lub teeb raj tuaj yeem ncav cuag ob peb lub siab atmospheric, lub zog tuaj yeem ncav cuag 500 1000W lossis siab dua, tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog sterilizing ultraviolet, tab sis tag nrho lub zog loj, yog li nws tseem yog tshuaj tua kab mob zoo. UV teeb qhov chaw Feem ntau, nws feem ntau yog siv los tua cov dej.

Ordinary iav thiab plexiglass tsis dhau los ntawm 253.7 nm ultraviolet rays, tab sis quartz iav tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm ntau tshaj 80 feem pua, thiab cov yas xa tawm dav dav kuj tsawg heev. Polyvluoroethylene resin zaj duab xis (0.1 hli tuab) tuaj yeem yog 40 feem pua ​​​​ntawm 253.7 nm ultraviolet rays, thiab ethylene copolyester zaj duab xis (0. 1 hli tuab) tuaj yeem dhau 40 feem pua. 253.7M Ultraviolet hlau tuaj yeem nkag los ntawm 2 cm, thaum lub moos huab cua raug thaiv thaum lub moos huab cua kis tau.

253. 7 nm Ultraviolet yog irradiated nrog rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom - nws yuav absorbed, hloov mus rau hauv lub zog sab hauv ntawm cov khoom, thiab nws tsis yooj yim rau nkag mus rau hauv qhov tob ntawm cov khoom, yog li cov ultraviolet. irradiation tsuas tuaj yeem tua cov khoom nto.

253.7 nm ultraviolet rays tshwm sim rau ob lub xov xwm cuam tshuam ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam, thiab kev cuam tshuam tshwm sim thaum nkag mus rau qhov nruab nrab thib ob. Ntau yam ntaub ntawv muaj qhov sib txawv coefficients ntawm 253.7 nm ultraviolet rays, magnesium oxide yog 80 feem pua ​​​​rau 93 feem pua; polished aluminium yog 60 feem pua ​​​​90 feem pua; dawb yog 46 feem pua; cov txiv qaub dawb yog 40 feem pua, thiab cov nplais dawb yog 4.7 feem pua. Cov khoom siv cuam tshuam ntawm ultraviolet luminaire tuaj yeem xaiv raws li muaj.

2. UV tua kab mob tua kab mob

Qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm cov kab mob bactericidal yog li 254 nm. UV tuaj yeem tua ntau yam kab mob, nrog rau cov kab mob, fungi, kab mob, thiab ricks. Txhua tus kab mob muaj nws qhov tshwj xeeb ultraviolet tuag koob tshuaj pib. Cov kab mob bactericidal k yog cov khoom ntawm irradiation siv thiab irradiation lub sij hawm. Siv cov qauv hauv qab no: k=IT

When the strength of the ultraviolet source is higher than 40 μW / cm 2, the high intensity is short-term or low-intensity long-term irradiation, which can obtain the same effect. Ultraviolet Line to the fatal dose (μW-S / CM2) of the surface of the object: Golden Staphylococcus, 2 180 4 950; White Staphylococcus, 3300 4 200; Escherichia coli, 2 100 6 400; Pseudobacter, 6 500; UV line to microorganism kill dose, available mathematical model estimation (in the formula Y = kill rate, x = dose):

Wax spots:

lg (100-y)=10.7142-2 .4078 lgX;

Bacillobacterium sputum germination:

lg (100-y)=9.101 3-2.05431 lgX;

E. coli:

lg (100-y)=7.4113-2. 1692 ;xws.

Dawb Staphylococcus:

lg (100-y)=10.366 2-2.7391 lgX.

Cov kab mob nyob hauv dej, tua cov koob tshuaj 99. 9 feem pua ​​: Bacillus spore, 40 000; E. coli thiab golden Staphylococcus, 12 000; tuberculosis, 20 000; tus kab mob npaws, ntau dua 5000.

Feem ntau, Landacids yog cov rhiab heev rau ultraviolet rays, ua raws li Gram -cocci zoo; kab mob spores tsis kam; Cov kab mob tseem yuav raug tua los ntawm ultraviolet, lawv cov kev tiv thaiv yog kho los ntawm cov kab mob propaguts thiab spur ntawm.

Lub ultraviolet siab tiv thaiv- kab mob nuclifinals, hluav taws xob tiv thaiv microbuts thiab txiv kab ntxwv- cov hnoos qeev daj; muaj cov kab mob microbacterial, sterilic bacteria, nas, poov xab, thiab protothenesis; low anti-anti-vane virus, E. coli, Golden Staphylococcus aureus, dog dig deformation bacillus, tub rog colony, Brusul poov xab thiab T3 E. coli phage. Bacillus Black Variety ATCC 9372 strain tau siv los ua cov ntsuas tshuaj tua kab mob ultraviolet.

3. Cov yam ntxwv cuam tshuam rau kev tua kab mob ultraviolet

3.1 Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm voltage

Cov hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob ntawm qhov chaw ultraviolet yog qhov cuam tshuam loj heev los ntawm qhov hluav taws xob, tib lub teeb ci ultraviolet, thaum qhov hluav taws xob tsis txaus, qhov hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob tsawg tsawg. 30W ncaj raj quartz ultraviolet teeb sib txawv voltage hluav taws xob siv,

Muaj nyob rau hauv cov mis:

Y = 1.287x-177.87

In the formula, Y-the theoretical value of UV strength, unit μW / cm2;

X-voltage, unit: V.

If the strength is 100 μW / cm2 at 220V, the control line of the new ultraviolet lamp radiation intensity is measured at different voltages is below

Y = 1.287x-183.14

If the intensity is 70 μW / cm2 at 220V, the radiation intensity control line measured under different voltages is

Y = 1. 287x-213.14

3.2 Qhov cuam tshuam deb

Feem ntau, qhov hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob ntawm lub teeb ultraviolet yog inversely proportional rau qhov kev ncua deb. Cov hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob ntawm 30W qis-siab mercury thermal cathode ncaj raj txo qis los ntawm qhov nce ntawm lub raj qhov deb x, thiab ob qho kev ntsuas.

Nws qhov index nkhaus sib npaug yog

Y = 102.885 9-0.760 8x

Raws li cov qauv no, cov hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob ntawm lub teeb ultraviolet ntawm qhov sib txawv tuaj yeem raug xam.

3.3 Kev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kub thiab txias

Cov nyhuv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob ultraviolet yog ua tiav los ntawm kev cuam tshuam cov hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob ntawm lub teeb ci ultraviolet. Feem ntau, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ultraviolet yog qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv kev ua kom tsis muaj hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv 40 degree C. Qhov kub thiab txias, qhov tso zis ntawm lub teeb ultraviolet yog txo; qhov kub siab tshaj 42 ° C, thiab qhov nqus ntawm ultraviolet hluav taws xob yog nce, thiab cov zis kuj txo. Yog li ntawd, qhov kub thiab txias dhau heev yog qhov tsis zoo rau kev tua kab mob ultraviolet. Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov kev sim tshuaj tua kab mob tau ua pov thawj tias qhov ntsuas kub ntawm cov kab mob bactericidal ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob ultraviolet me me nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 5 mus rau 37 ° C. Cov kab mob ua rau cov kab mob rhiab heev rau ultraviolet rays ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.

3.4 Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov av noo

Thaum tshuaj tua kab mob hauv huab cua, qhov txheeb ze humidity muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Thaum RH siab dhau lawm, cov dej hauv huab cua nce, thiab cov kab hluav taws xob ultraviolet tuaj yeem thaiv tau, yog li cov av noo ntawm cov txheeb ze yog qhov zoo dua 60 feem pua ​​lossis tsawg dua thaum siv ultraviolet sterilization. Thaum tshuaj tua kab mob saum npoo, yog tias lub teeb qhov chaw nyob deb ntawm lub teeb ci, cov khoom ya raws hauv huab cua kuj cuam tshuam rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob.

3.5 Kev cuam tshuam ntawm irradiation lub sij hawm

Cov nyhuv tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob ultraviolet yog indexed nrog kev sib raug zoo nrog rau cov koob tshuaj tas sij hawm.

N / tsis yog=e-kit

Hauv cov mis, N0 - illuminates tus naj npawb ntawm cov kab mob thawj zaug;

N - irradiates tus naj npawb ntawm cov kab mob tom qab qee lub sijhawm;

T - illumination lub sij hawm;

Kuv - illumination siv;

K - tas mus li.

It can be seen from the above formula to increase the irradiation time t, or increase the irradiation intensity, and can increase the disinfection effect, which is the product of the irradiation intensity | and the irradiation time, so that the killing rate reaches a certain degree, it must be guaranteed enough Illumination dose. When the radiation intensity of the ultraviolet source is required (greater than 40 μW / cm2), the required irradiation dose can be achieved by adjusting the irradiation time.

3.6 Kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov organic teeb meem

Thaum cov kab mob muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov organic teeb meem, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau nce cov irradiation, vim tias cov organic tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev nkag mus ntawm ultraviolet kab mus rau sab hauv cov kab mob, thiab pab pawg kom nqus tau cov kab hluav taws xob ultraviolet.

3.7 Kev cuam tshuam ntawm microbial hom thiab kom muaj nuj nqis

Cov kab mob sib txawv txawv ntawm qib ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob ultraviolet, thiab nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txiav txim siab qhov ntau npaum li cas ntawm irradiation koob tshuaj raws li hom kab mob. Cov khoom raug kaw. Qhov ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov kab mob sib kis, qhov ua rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob phem dua, yog li hom thiab qhov ntau ntawm cov kab mob sib kis ntawm cov kab mob tua kab mob ua ntej tshuaj tua kab mob yog li tsim nyog los txiav txim siab irradiation koob tshuaj.

4. Daim ntawv thov ntawm ultraviolet tshuaj tua kab mob teeb hauv tshuaj tua kab mob

4.1 Scope ntawm UV tua kab mob teeb

Ultraviolet sterilization teeb tuaj yeem tua cov kab mob qhua pias, tuberculosis, mob khaub thuas, adenovirus, tus kab mob txha caj qaum, kab mob Collic, Staphylococcus, meningitis, Pneumococcus, thiab lwm yam kab mob. Ultra{0}}Ultraviolet tshuaj tua kab mob cua yog ib qho yooj yim, yooj yim, pheej yig, thiab siv tau zoo.

Ultraviolet hlau kuj tseem siv tau rau kev tua kab mob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws kuj muaj cov kab mob zoo rau cov kab mob hauv cov dej, tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj, thiab tsis tsim cov khoom tsim kev puas tsuaj tom qab tshuaj tua kab mob, yog li nws tuaj yeem siv los ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv dej. Ultraviolet rays muaj qhov zoo tua kab mob ntawm cov kab mob hauv cov dej phwj tuaj, uas tuaj yeem siv rau cov dej phwj tuaj tua kab mob.

Txij li thaum lub teeb ci ultraviolet muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm huab cua tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob saum npoo thiab dej tua kab mob, nws tuaj yeem siv dav rau cov chaw pej xeem thiab cov khoom siv pej xeem, kev lom zem, chav da dej, tsev so, tsev noj mov, tuav, chaw tshuaj yej, pej xeem thiab lub thawv tsheb tavxij, lub teeb rails thiab subway compartments, dav hlau thiab nkoj cabins, khw thiab khw muag khoom, cov chaw hauv zej zog, cov tsev kawm ntawv, cov tsev qiv ntawv thiab cov khw muag khoom, cov dej hauv nruab nrab thiab cov thawv ntim dej, cov pas dej da dej, cov tsev txhab nyiaj thiab cov nyiaj, kev nyiam ua, cov chaw ua si thiab cov khoom siv dag zog rau pej xeem. , kev zoo nkauj salon, tshuab cua txias, thiab lwm yam., tiv thaiv cov kab mob los ntawm kev nthuav tawm hauv cov chaw pej xeem lossis los ntawm cov khoom siv pej xeem.

4.2 Ntau yam kev siv thiab kev ceev faj rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob ultraviolet

4.2.1 Disinfection ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom

When disinfecting the article surface with irradiation, it is preferable to use a portable ultraviolet sterilizer to move in close distance, or an ultraviolet lamp hanging irradiation can also be taken. For small items, it can be illuminated in the ultraviolet sterilized box. Due to different types of microorganisms, the irradiation dose must be used to reach the target microorganism when disinfected with ultraviolet sterilization. When killing general bacterial breeding, the irradiation dose should reach 10,000 μWS / cm2; kill bacterial splits should reach 100,000 μWS / cm2; viruses on the resistance of ultraviolet rays and between bacterial propaguts and sparse; fungi The resistance of spores is stronger than bacterial spur, sometimes irradiating to 600,000 μWs / cm2; when disinfecting target microorganisms are unknown, the amount of irradiation should not be less than 100000μWS/ cm2. The irradiation dose is the product of the irradiation intensity and irradiation time of the ultraviolet lamp used to irradiate the object. Therefore, according to the irradiation intensity of the ultraviolet light source, the time required to be irradiated can be calculated.

4.2.2 Disinfection ntawm huab cua sab hauv tsev

Thaum siv tshuaj tua kab mob hauv tsev nrog txoj kev teeb pom kev tsis ncaj, qhov nyiam siab {{{0}}} siv ultraviolet cua sterilizer, tsis yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob nkaus xwb, tab sis tuaj yeem siv thaum muaj kev ua ub no hauv chav, uas yog feem ntau raug rho tawm haujlwm rau 30min kom ua tiav cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Nyob rau hauv tsev tsis muaj neeg saib xyuas, huab cua sab hauv tsev yog tshuaj tua kab mob ncaj qha, thiab ultraviolet teeb dai lossis txav ncaj qha irradiation tuaj yeem nqa tau. Thaum nyob hauv tsev tshem tawm ultraviolet sterilization, tus naj npawb ntawm ultraviolet sterilized teeb (30W ultraviolet teeb ntawm 1.0 m) yuav tsum tau mounted, thiab qhov nruab nrab tsis tsawg tshaj li 1.5W, thiab lub sij hawm irradiation tsis tsawg tshaj li 30 min.

4.2.3 Disinfection ntawm dej thiab lwm yam kua

Kev faib dej thiab lwm yam dej tuaj yeem ua rau irradiated nrog dej lossis irradiation. Lub teeb ci ultraviolet yuav tsum tau nruab nrog quartz iav tiv thaiv hoods thaum siv dej irradiation. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem aqueous yuav tsum tsawg dua 2 cm, thiab cov dej ntws yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab raws li lub zog ntawm ultraviolet qhov chaw. Cov dej xa tawm yuav tsum ncav cuag cov qauv kev noj qab haus huv tau teev tseg hauv lub xeev.

4.3 Kev ceev faj thaum siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob ultraviolet

Thawj yog thaum siv, lub purity ntawm lub teeb ultraviolet (254nm 185nm 10000h UV teeb rau dej purifier disinfection) yuav tsum tau khaws cia, feem ntau so ib zaug txhua ob lub lis piam, thiab pom tias lub teeb saum npoo yog hmoov av thiab roj, thiab yuav tsum tau so txhua lub sijhawm. Qhov thib ob, thaum lub teeb ci ultraviolet tau muab tso rau hauv huab cua, chav tsev yuav tsum huv si, txo cov plua plav thiab dej pos huab, qhov kub thiab txias yog tsawg dua 20 ° C lossis siab dua 40 ° C, thiab cov av noo ntawm cov txheeb ze yog ntau dua 60 feem pua, irradiation lub sij hawm yuav tsum tau ncua kom tsim nyog. Thaum lub ntsej muag ntawm cov kab mob tua kab mob ultraviolet, lub teeb ci ntsa iab yuav tsum tau irradiated nrog cov kab hluav taws xob ultraviolet thiab yuav tsum tau irradiated txaus. Thaum kawg, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias lub teeb ultraviolet irradiated los ntawm lub teeb tsis tso cai rau illumination ntawm tib neeg lub qhov muag los yog raug cov tawv nqaij, thiaj li tsis mus zam lub buddy.

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